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八上历史知识点总结的意思可以概括为：把握初中历史基本线索，了解重大历史事件，认识重要历史人物，知道社会生活各个领域涉及的方面和程度。从点滴做起，夯实基础，培养学习历史的兴趣和技能，为以后的学习打下良好的基础。同时，也要关注社会热点问题，提高分析问题和解决问题的能力。
八上历史知识点总结1
第一课：第一次鸦片战争
1、第一次鸦片战争的根本原因：为了开辟中国市场，推销工业品，掠夺廉价的工业原料。
2、第一次鸦片战争的直接原因：虎门销烟(1839.6.3;道光帝、林则徐—义律;中国人民禁烟斗争的伟大胜利，显示了中华民族反对外来侵略的坚强意志)。
3、向中国鸦片的直接原因：为了扭转贸易逆差，牟取暴利。
4、鸦片的危害：①大量白银流入英国，加剧了中国的贫弱;②严重摧损了吸食者的体质，使之家破人亡。
5、第一次鸦片战争的过程：①1840年6月爆发;②1841年初占领香港岛;③1842年，中英议和，签订《南京条约》(性质：中国历第一个不平等的条约;内容：①赔款2100万元;②割香港岛给英国;③开放广州、厦门、福州、宁波、上海五处通商口岸;④英商进出口商品所缴纳的税款，需从英国商定)。
6、第一次鸦片战争的影响：中国开始从封建社会逐步沦为半殖民地半封建社会，是中国近代史的开端。
7、太平天国起义：
原因：第一次鸦片战争加重农民负担，人民奋起反抗。过程：
①1851年，洪秀全在广西桂平金田村起义，建号太平天国;
②1853年，占领南京，改天京，建都，后开始北伐、西征;
③1860年，逼近上海，列强组建洋枪队，美国人华尔统领;
④1862年9月，在清溪击毙华尔。
第二课：第二次鸦片战争
1、第二次鸦片战争的根本原因：进一步打开中国市场，扩大侵略权益。
2、第二次鸦片战争的直接原因：修约失败。
3、第二次鸦片战争的过程：1856.10-1860.10，英法联军为主凶，美俄为帮凶，1860年，先后占领天津、北京，咸丰帝逃到承德，英法联军火烧圆明园。
八上历史知识点总结2
一、鸦片走私与林则徐禁烟
1、英国向中国走私鸦片的原因：
在正当贸易中，中国处于明显的出超地位。
2、林则徐禁烟
(1)原因：鸦片泛滥给中华民族带来深重灾难。
(2)时间：1838年底，道光帝派力主禁烟的林则徐为钦差大臣，前住广东查禁鸦片。
(3)禁烟的高潮:1839年6月3日至25日，林则徐主持了虎门销烟。
(4)虎门销烟的意义：中国人民禁烟斗争的伟大胜利，显示了中华民族反抗外来侵略的坚强意志。
二、英国发动侵略战争
1、原因：根本原因→为了开辟海外市场;
直接原因→中国禁烟(虎门销烟)。
2、起止时间：1840年6月—-1842年8月。
3、经过：英军封锁珠江口→攻陷定海→直趋天津，威胁清政府→道光帝派琦善与英军谈判→英军强占香港岛→攻占虎门炮台，关天培等战死→占领广州→北上攻占厦门、定海、宁波→进犯吴淞，陈化成牺牲→8月初到达南京下关江面，清政府屈服。
4、鸦片战争中涌现出的.民族英雄:虎门之战的关天培、吴淞之战的陈化成等;
5、清朝战败的原因：
(1)清朝大多数统治者昏庸愚昧，对内敌视人民，对外妥协投降。(2)经济落后，武器落后。
三、《南京条约》的签订
1、时间：1842年8月
2、条约特征：中国近代第一个丧权辱国的不平等条约。
3、主要内容：
(1)开放广州、福州、厦门、宁波、上海五处为通商口岸;
(2)割香港岛给英国;
(3)赔款2100万银元;
(4)英商进出口货物应纳税款，必须经过双方协议。
4、中英《虎门条约》
(1)签订时间：1843年
(2)英国从中获得的权利：领事裁判权，片面惠国待遇、在通商口岸租地建房。
5、中美《望厦条约》和中法《黄埔条约》。
(1)签订时间：1844年
(2)美国、法国获得的权益：除享受英国在华取得的各种特权外，还扩大了侵略权益。
6、鸦片战争的影响：
(1)改变了中国历史发展的进程。中国不再享有完整独立的主权，中国社会的自然经济遭到破坏，开始从封建社会变为半殖民地半封建社会。
(2)鸦片战争成为中国近代史的开端。
八上历史知识点总结3
初一上半年历史知识点：祖国境内的远古居民
一、我国最早的人类
1.我国境内已知的最早的人类是元谋人，距今约170万年。
2.人和动物的根本区别是会不会制造工具。
二、北京人
北京人距今约70-20万年，保留猿的特征，但手脚分工明显，能制造和使用工具，使用打制石器。
初一上半年历史知识点：华夏之祖
一、华夏之祖黄帝和炎帝，人文初祖黄帝
二、尧舜禹的禅让
1.夏朝的建立，标志着奴隶制度开始了。我国奴隶社会开始于公元前21世纪。
2.约公元前20xx年，禹建立夏朝，是我国历史上第一个王朝。夏朝的建立,标志着我国早期国家的建立。
初一上半年历史知识点：夏、商、西周的兴亡
一、夏朝的兴衰
1.禹死后，把王位传给他的儿子启，使世袭制度代替禅让制，家天下取代了公天下。
2.约公元前1600年，汤战胜桀，夏灭商建。公元前1046年，商、周在牧野大战。商灭，武王建立周朝，定都镐，又称镐京，历史上叫西周。
二、西周的分封制
1.目的：为了巩固统治，西周实行分封制。
2.内容：周天子把土地和平民、奴隶，分给亲属、功臣等，封他们为诸侯。诸侯必须服从周天子的命令，向天子交纳贡品，平时镇守疆土，战时带兵随从天子作战。
3.作用：开发了边远地区，加强了统治，使西周成为一个强盛的国家。
初一上半年历史知识点：灿烂的青铜文明
1.在原始社会末期，我国已经出现了青铜器。商朝是我国青铜文化的灿烂时期。著名的青铜器有司母戊鼎(造型雄伟)和四羊方尊(造型精美)。
2.与商周同期，我国西南地区的成都平原，也盛行一种独特的青铜文化，这就是举世闻名的三星堆文化。那里出土的青铜面具、大型青铜立人像、青铜神树等，引起中外人士的瞩目。
初一上半年历史知识点：春秋战国的纷争
一、春秋争霸
1.公元前770年，周平王东迁洛邑，史称东周。东周分为春秋和战国两个时期。
2.齐桓公任用管仲为相，积极改革内政，发展生产;同时改革军制，组建强大的军队，以尊王攘夷为号令，逐步成为春秋第一霸主。
3.公元前7世纪后期，晋楚双方城濮大战后晋文公成为中原霸主。百年后，楚庄王做了中原霸主。
二、战国七雄
1.战国七雄按东南西北到中间的顺序排列为齐、楚、秦、燕、赵、魏、韩。
2.发生于公元前260年，秦、赵之间决定性战役是长平之战。长平之战使东方六国再也无力抵挡秦国。
初一上半年历史知识点：大变革的时代
一、铁农具和牛耕的使用
1.春秋时期是我国奴隶制度瓦解时期，战国时期是我国封建制度的形成时期。
2.我国农业发展史上的.一次革命是指牛耕。牛耕：最迟春秋末年使用，战国推广。铁农具：春秋出现，战国推广。
二、著名的都江堰
战国时期，李冰为秦国修筑的都江堰是举世闻名的防洪灌溉工程。成都平原成为天府之国。
三、商鞅变法
1.时间、地点：公元前356年，秦国。
2.内容：①国家承认土地私有，允许自由买卖。②奖励耕战，生产粮食布帛多的人，可免除徭役;根据军功大小授予爵位和田宅，废除没有军功的旧贵族的特权。③建立县制，由国君直接派官吏治理。
3.作用：经过商鞅变法，秦国的经济得到了发展，军队战斗力不断增强，发展成为战国后期最富强的封建国家。
八上历史知识点总结4
1、1206年，蒙古贵族推举铁木真为大汗，尊称成吉思汗，统一蒙古政权。1271年，忽必烈（元世祖）建立元朝，定都大都（为政治中心、闻名世界的商业中心）；
2、我国古代史上，由少数民族建立的第一个全国统一的封建王朝是元朝，第二个是清朝。
3、为了加强对全国的统治，元朝建立了行省制度；元朝在中央设宣政院管辖吐蕃（西藏地区），使西藏正式成为我国中央政府直接管辖的行政区域。(图)
4、元朝还设置澎湖巡检司，管辖澎湖和琉球，这是最早将台湾纳入其行政管辖范围，表明台湾是中国领土不可分割的一部分。
5、元朝时意大利人马可·波罗在中国生活了十多年，并经常巡视各省或出使外国，元朝对外贸易的最大港口是泉州。
6、火药用于制造武器，始于唐朝末年；司南制成于战国时期，指南针制成于唐朝，开始用于航海事业。
7、宋代著名史学家司马光主持编写了我国古代的编年体通史《资治通鉴》。
8、词是一种新的诗歌形式，兴起了晚唐。宋朝时，词的创作达到高峰，出现了许多著名词人和词作。北宋著名词人苏轼的名作有《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》，宋朝著名的.女词人是李清照，南宋词人辛弃疾，他的代表作是《破阵子·醉里挑灯看剑》。
9、北宋著名画家张择端的《清明上河图》是我国美术史上的杰作；元朝著名的书画家是赵孟頫，其名画有《秋郊饮马图》等。
八上历史知识点总结5
一、时间：17、18世纪
二、背景：①封建专制制度成为西欧国家资产阶级力量发展的严重障碍。②自然科学的发展。
三、性质：资产阶级反封建的思想文化运动。
四、内容：一用、二批、三消灭、三追求。
五、主要人物：
(一)英国(发源地、早期代表)
霍布斯(代表资产阶级上层利益)
观点：(1)社会契约创造君权国家;(2)人民授予君权;(3)人民绝对服从民选君权;(4)支持专制王权，可以干涉私有财产;(5)宗教有助于维护社会秩序。
评论：提出最基本的启蒙思想，又带有明显封建落后意识。
2、洛克
修正霍布斯观点：
(1)国家政权不应干涉私有财产
(2)主张君主立宪制，权力分属议会、君主。
(二)法国
地位：启蒙运动中心
原因：资本主义发展到较高程度，封建专制制度严重。
代表：
1、伏尔泰：(1)评价天主教会，但主张信仰上帝。(2)反对君主专制，主张君主立宪制。
2、孟德斯鸠——《论法的精神》(1)提出三权分立原则;(2)权力制约与平衡。
3、卢梭：(1)“社会契约”论;(2)“人民主权”说。
4、狄德罗百科全书派。
六、影响：
(一)对资产阶级革命时代的影响;
(二)对法国大革命的影响;
(三)世界其他地区的影响;
八上历史知识点总结6
庄子的主要思想是清静无为，或者说是“无为而治”。主张顺其自然,不求名、不求利,淡视生死。
1、主要思想
自由观——逍遥游。就是绝对自由，这种绝对自由是庄周幻想出来的，是不依赖外界任何事物的绝对自由。
政治观——顺应自然，无为而治。提出“绝圣弃知”的主张，认为“圣人不死，大盗不起”，“绝圣弃知，大盗乃止。”又说，“主上喜好施智巧，用机谋而不求至道，那么天下就要大乱了。”一针见血地指出了社会的弊端，提出了“彼窃钩者诛，窃国者为诸侯”的名言。
认识论一一将人的知识分为有为的小知与无为的大知，提倡无为的大知，摈弃有为的小知。认为以有限的智慧去探究无穷大的领域，必然会述乱而无所收获。
2、庄子简介
庄子(约前369-前286)，战国中期哲学家，庄氏，名周，字子休(一作子沐)，汉族，蒙(今安徽蒙城，又说河南商丘、山东东明)人。是我国先秦(战国)时期伟大的思想家、哲学家、文学家。
庄子原系楚国公族，楚庄王后裔，后因乱迁至宋国，是道家学说的主要创始人。与道家始祖老子并称为“老庄”，他们的哲学思想体系，被思想学术界尊为“老庄哲学”，然文采更胜老子。代表作《庄子》被尊崇者演绎出多种版本，名篇有《逍遥游》、《齐物论》等，庄子主张“天人合一”和“清静无为”。
庄子的想象力极为丰富，语言运用自如，灵活多变，能把一些微妙难言的哲理说得引人入胜。他的作品被人称之为“文学的哲学，哲学的文学”。据传，又尝隐居南华山，故唐玄宗天宝初，诏封庄周为南华真人，称其著书《庄子》为《南华真经》。
历史高考必背知识点归纳整合五篇
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